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Electricity production is mainly an industrial area, designed to make available to all consumers with adequate supplies for their energy needs.

Electricity production is done from the late nineteenth century from different primary energy sources. The first power plant fueled by wood. Today, production is from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and petroleum), nuclear energy, hydroelectric power, solar energy, wind energy and the energy from biomass.

The means used are diverse and depend on several factors:

Techniques available;
The reactivity of implementation;
Production required;
The possible return;
Investment costs, operation and deconstruction;
The eventual cost of raw materials;
The ecological impacts caused;

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Environmental Issues

Electricity is commonly presented as a "clean energy". In fact using the facilities emit no polluting gases or greenhouse gas emissions directly due to the use of electrical energy.
However, electricity is not naturally available energy on earth and is produced by conversion of other forms of energy into electrical energy.
Yet most of the processes of power generation, especially those most common in the early twenty-first century, have adverse effects on the environment:

Thermal power plants emit oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and soot and especially emit significant quantities of CO2 (the main greenhouse gas);
Nuclear plants produce radioactive waste whose lifespan can exceed a hundred years;
Large hydroelectric dams (see the Three Gorges Dam in China) are profoundly changing ecosystems;
Wind turbines disfigure the eyes of some, the landscape.

Electricity, like all forms or energy carriers, thus generates environmental impacts, economic and social as we seek to improve. One of the issues allowed for the XXI Century is a production from own resources, safe and renewable. In this context, and in particular under the Kyoto Protocol, producers seek to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gas emissions and thus their direct or indirect contributions to global environments and climate.
In late 2007, a second phase of EU ETS emissions of greenhouse gases has opened.

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Production

Most of the time, electricity is produced from a heat source, using steam as a peddler of energy. The steam turns turbines which are coupled to electrical generators. Steam can be produced using the most energy sources. Hydraulic and wind energy are exceptions since this is the force of water and wind movement which produces work directly in a turbine connected to a generator.

Nuclear power plants often use a primary and secondary circuit steam to physically isolate the nuclear reactor of the generator room and the rest of the facilities.

Smaller units (usually burning natural gas) combine the generation of electricity and heat (for domestic heating or for industrial processes). These power plants have combined the best performance after the hydropower. This technique is called cogeneration.

There are also CCC (CCGT), which, to be more efficient and therefore less polluting per kW of heat energy produced using waste gas turbine exhaust gas to produce steam used in a turbine steam driving a second alternator.

Experiments are underway to use geothermal energy to produce electricity by digging deep underground in hard rock, which can heat a coolant for steam turbine (via a heat pump when the temperature is too low).
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All vehicles not using a small electrical generator mechanically coupled to the main engine for local generation of low voltage electricity, a storage battery replaced during the shutdown of main engine.

Extra units or emergency, called generators allow manufacture of electricity point, they all use an internal combustion engine to drive the generator.

There are groups for use in portable power tools offsite electrified.
Wholesale generators are used to overcome a break always possible to supply electricity supplier. Hospitals, some utilities and large businesses that can not withstand a crash of their industrial processes have sets with automatic start.

The United States in particular rely heavily on fossil fuels for electricity (oil, natural gas, coal). The complexities of security related to nuclear energy that are no longer manufactured plant since the 1970s (following the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island).
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Planning and production control

Different means can be activated according to anticipated peak demand (in particular depending on climatic factors) or statistics. For example, a nuclear power plant produces very large amounts of electricity (from 900 to 1450 MW compared to a hydroelectric dam, but it takes several days to start a nuclear power plant shutdown, then it must few hours for a hydroelectric dam, let alone a power plant.

Accordingly, a daily plan of energy production is established by electricity suppliers. Thermal power plants are in permanent or seasonal service (which means that some are decommissioned in the summer), while the hydro-electric are turned on or not on the production plan.

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Regulation in the world

For several years, a round table attended by regulators annually in the United States and the Association of Regulators of the European Union (CEER), then in 2006 a platform was created to share the Internet1; in October 2009 , 200 energy regulators and 11 regional associations have created an "International Confederation of Energy Regulators (ICER) 2 to discuss" best practices "regarding issues related to energy regulation.
4 themes and working groups have been identified:

Security of supply
Climate change (the G8 energy ministers in Rome in May 2009, asked regulators to coordinate for better adaptation to climatic changes)
Competitiveness and accessibility
Best practices and training.

The confederation in 2009 chaired by Lord John Mogg, director of the British energy regulator (Ofgem). It should work on the basis of surveys and studies and take positions.

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